Role of micro finance in natural disasters

Role of micro finance in natural disasters The impacts of natural disasters are mainly faced by the poor community people in every country. It is very much tough for the poor people to cope with the impacts of natural disasters. Micro-finance has not only generated enormous hope for the poor people in many developing countries but also played a vital role in natural disasters affected areas. In this paper, the roles of micro-finance in mitigating the impacts of natural disasters are illustrated. It has been seen that micro-finance institutions provide support on poor community people prepare for the onslaughts or rehabilitation needs of the disaster victims, show coping mechanism during a disaster hits and how people can wake of a post natural disaster both at the personal level and generally. Key words: Role of Micro-finance, impacts of natural disasters, poor, support, coping, developing countries. Introduction: Over the years, natural disasters seem to have become more frequent across the world, resulting in enormous human and economic losses. Natural disasters take many forms like earthquakes, floods, cyclones, tsunamis, tornados and droughts, which threaten the very existence of the local communities. Further, it has been observed that the effects of natural disasters are more acute in developing countries than in developed ones. Natural disasters have had devastating dev ·as ·tate  Ã‚   tr.v. dev ·as ·tat ·ed, dev ·as ·tat ·ing, dev ·as ·tates 1. To lay waste; destroy. 2. To overwhelm; confound; stun: was devastated by the rude remark. .. Click the link for more information.  effects on the poor. For example, in 1998, Bangladesh experienced the flood of the century. Households exposed to flooding had major crop failure, suffered various water-borne diseases, lost shelter, assets and the ability to meet basic needs. Results show that the burden of medical expenditures due to flood-related sicknesses is significantly higher for poorer households, and for households more exposed to flooding. More positively, econometric results indicate that social cohesion built on group-based micro-finance programs provide an informal social insurance that reduces sickness shocks. The strength of group-based micro-credit in coping with natural disasters is yet to be fully explored. Micro-credit may not be effective in the case of a large-scale natural disaster that creates a covariate shock. However, even in the case of a large-scale natural disaster (e.g. 1998 flooding), social capital developed through micro-credit programs is s hown to play a positive role in reducing the burden of sickness shocks. Micro-finance is the provision of financial services to low-income clients or solidarity lending groups including consumers and the self-employed, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services. At the end of 2009, 1,084 MFIs that were serving 74 million borrowers ($38 billion in outstanding loans) and 67 million savers ($23 billion in deposits). For example, In Indonesian context, micro-financial savings and lending institutions support families to ensure consumption against illness shocks. Micro-finance actually helps the poor and vulnerable poor people. So, micro finance reduces vulnerability and increases coping against socio-economic shocks, including Natural disasters. At the same time, microfinance can provide relief in direct response to disasters. Thus it is possible to make micro finance tools a part of diverse disaster relief programs or response. Objective of the study: Disaster mitigation practices needs to be tied up throughout the life cycle of micro-finance tools in order to make poor community people sustainable and minimize non-financial losses. As just mentioned, the roles of micro-finance in mitigating the impacts of natural disasters are the purpose of this study. This study is prepared based on the following questions: What are the roles of micro-finance in mitigating the impacts of natural disasters, coping mechanism during or after disaster period? What are the main lessons and challenges of micro-finance to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters in poor community? Microfinance and Disaster Mitigation: Some Conceptual Issues The attributes of microfinance, which are applied in reducing household level risks, are relevant for reducing disaster risks too. Microfinance instruments help poor households diversify their income by source and season. They also diversify income by earner as it provides opportunities to women to earn. Multiplicity of income-earning opportunities and asset building through microfinance help poor households in dealing with disasters better. Microfinance also provides explicit and implicit insurance to the households. There is growing interest and constant experimentation in using microfinance in disaster management. The role of microfinance and microfinance institutions in disaster situations, however, is to be clearly analyzed here. Microfinance deals with the poor who are vulnerable to various types of risks. The poor are more likely to be hard-hit hard-hit adj. Badly or adversely affected: Official rescue and recovery efforts were just getting underway in this ravaged port city and more than a dozen other hard-hit towns  R. .. Click the link for more information.  by disasters like drought drought,  abnormally long period of insufficient rainfall. Drought cannot be defined in terms of inches of rainfall or number of days without rain, since it is determined by such variable factors as the distribution in time and area of precipitation during and before .. Click the link for more information., floods, cyclones, and earthquakes. Disasters normally give rise to two kinds of needs, namely relief and rehabilitation. What is required immediately after a disaster is relief to take care of food, shelter, medicine and other immediate needs of the victims. Through its long term impacts of reducing poverty and supporting sustainable development, microfinance reduces the vulnerability of the poor to disasters. Microfinance cannot, however, provide standalone protection against disasters. It must be part of a greater strategy of disaster risk reduction. MFIs must be prepared for disasters by developing disaster management plans that ensure the survival of the MFI and sustainable delivery of its services. Education on microfinance and disaster mitigation is needed for both successful poverty reduction and disaster impact reduction. Microfinance must be linked to disaster mitigation, especially during rehabilitation when the links between recover y and preparedness are clearly evident. MFIs like BRAC, ASA, Grameen Bank, Shakti etc. are working to reducing vulnerability during natural disaster by providingClint-responsive loans, housing improvement loans, adaptation of current lending, emergency reconstruction loans etc. They help to so compulsory savings, voluntary savings, adaptation of forced loans etc. MFIs suggest people for doing Insurance (best established before disaster). MFIs provide money transfer services (remittances likely to increase), Grants and donations (for increasing power and building financial discipline), Livelihood relief (no payment) to the poor community people. Microfinance Institutions also provide non-financial services like training, information dissemination, distribution of supplies etc. In the aftermath of a disaster, microfinance can quickly provide relief, and then support sustainable recovery and rehabilitation. Microfinance institutions can additionally provide post-disaster communication and coordination through their established community networks. Microfinance requires a degree of self-management by clients and is normally community based, thus fostering recovery ownership, dignity and community cohesion during traumatic and unstable times. Microfinance can reduce the cost of post-disaster recovery financing, while reducing aid dependency. At the same time, however, post- disaster aid can distort markets, adversely affecting microfinance performance. Post-disaster activities must be carefully considered to prevent negative long-term impacts on local markets and MFIs. To best reduce disaster impacts on a community, MFIs should offer a suite of flexible products to adapt to specific needs and situations. Links and/or partnerships with the formal financial secto r are needed to enhance liquidity and support institutional and managerial capacity. IV.Cases (Disaster management of Micro-finance programmes): Flood in Bangladesh (1998): Bangladesh is largely a flat deltaic country formed by the confluence of great river systems of the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna. These river systems annually drain a vast basin about 12 times its own size. Apart from this, hilly regions experiences flash flood after heavy rainfall and due to frequent depressions in the Bay, Bangladesh experiences regular threats of cyclonic storms, often catastrophic. The role of microfinance services in responding to disaster risks was demonstrated first during the 1998 flood. Bangladesh experienced the worst floods in its history from July to September 1998. The damages to standing crops, livestock and houses were overwhelming. The income generating activities of rural landless people were almost suspended. There had been a huge loss of property and human and animal lives during the SIDR attack in 2007 in the coastal areas of Bangladesh, nearly 4 millions affected, and more than six thousand people died, thous ands of livestock perished, and 0.9 million homes fully or partially damaged. All the MFIs in Bangladesh responded to the unprecedented situation of floods and SIDR. During the floods and cyclones, MFI workers even went on boats to ensure that weekly contacts with all members were maintained. Workers carried money with them and provided immediate interest-free consumption loans so that the members would not go hungry. the MFIs allowed the members to withdraw their savings. Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASA, Proshika, TMSS, CODEC, GUK and many other small MFIs despite a very serious financial consequence for their liquidity, opened access to compulsory savings account in an attempt to reduce the precipitous decline many households experienced in their incomes. In non-disaster times, members of these institutions did not have access to these funds unless they had fully repaid any outstanding loans and decided to leave the MFI. BRAC also operated disaster-related deposits, which allowed members to keep their assets safe from loss or damage due to the floods. A number of MFIs such as ASA and others provided voluntary savings facilities to their members. These facilities provided the members more assistance in disasters than compulsory or disaster-related savings with less negative financial consequences for the MFI. Tsunami -Micro Finance in Sri Lanka(2004): The December 2004 tsunami is one of the worst natural disasters experienced by Sri Lanka in recorded history. With over 35,000 dead and over 800,000 displaced it is a disaster of a magnitude that the country was ill equipped to deal with. Thirteen of the countrys twenty five districts were affected with the North and East provinces accounting for over two thirds of deaths and nearly 60% of the displaced. Sri Lanka (RADA) estimates that about 150,000 people lost livelihoods about 80 per cent of the affected lost their main source of income; 90 per cent lost their productive assets including the abodes. There were several issues facing the micro finance sector even pre-tsunami. The micro finance market has been pluralistic with high penetration by many different types of institutions, employing a wide range of micro finance models and methods. Bulk of micro credit is funded through Government banks and programmes, through subsidized credit, w hich is not sustainable. Agro Micro-Finance, BRAC, Arthacharya Foundation were working in Sri Lanka during tsunami. While these MFIs might be fulfilling their social mission, they were not charging interest rates that would achieve cost recovery. Capacity building of these institutions was a priority. Agro Micro-Finance was operating in eight districts in Sri Lanka, many of which were affected by the tsunami. Arthacharya Foundation is a national not-for-profit NGO functioning in seven districts. This organization is working with a large number of donors in promoting micro enterprises through savings and credit, and also working in health and sanitation. BRAC set up operations in Sri Lanka for undertaking post-tsunami rehabilitation activities. BRAC has quickly expanded the outreach as well as loans since establishing operations in Sri Lanka. Within a year of operation the number of clients reached has touched 26,373 making it one of the larger MFIs in Sri Lanka. Well established man agement practices and systems have enabled the MFI to quickly scale up. Though the initial operations were through grant funds from BRAC and Oxfam NOVIB, BRAC has recently approached commercial banks for loans for expanding its loan portfolio. Pre-tsunami, voluntary savings was offered by four MFIs and compulsory savings by ten MFIs. Overall, there have been several positive developments due to post-tsunami funding by donors. Lessons and challenges of micro-finance: As we look broadly at micro-finance as an industry, and at specific experiences in the natural disaster context, it is possible to draw several broad lessons: Microfinance cannot be a financial safety net to an entire affected community, but can play an increasingly constructive role in disaster preparedness and response as it expands its range of products and services. Establishment of long-term relationships between individuals and MFIs allow poor households access to existing MFI products that can help reduce some of the hardships caused by natural disasters. Preparedness of the MFIs staff and systems is the key to providing timely response to clients. Timing of MFI services matters to clients: emergency loans must be available quickly after disaster strikes, while reconstruction support is useful once the household has fully passed the emergency stage. Along with these broad lessons, there are also clear bottlenecks that limit the role MFIs currently play in natural disaster response and mitigation: Most MFIs do not have the liquidity position (or access to a Disaster Loan Fund) to respond quickly or fully in a disaster context. MFIs-from management, to field staff, to reserves, to information and communication systems-are not currently prepared to either weather or respond to a natural disaster situation. MFIs have not considered client needs from an emergency perspective; rather products and services are primarily geared to day-to-day business or household concerns. Demand for special services may be small, yet may require significant institutional investment. Therefore, individual MFIs are unlikely to invest in developing or maintaining these services. Regulatory restrictions and limits to institutional capacity will keep most MFIs from mobilizing voluntary savings for the foreseeable future. Findings of the study: Although the concept of using microfinance for disaster mitigation is a novel idea, the relevance of microfinance under disaster conditions especially for the poor is yet to be fully established. Microfinance even under normal circumstances faces quite a few limitations in bringing about improvement in livelihood. While microfinance can ensure livelihood protection by reducing various shocks and vulnerability, it cannot lead to livelihood promotion unless it is accompanied by other equally important measures like training, market linkages and technology development. As micro-finance institutions involved in livelihood restoration interventions, they are aimed at establishing funds that could be used in normal situations and during times of disaster. Their main aim during normal times was disaster preparedness. By taking up various activities aimed at disaster preparedness, they secured livelihoods and resources, improved the lives of the communities, made them less vulnerable and bet ter equipped to face disaster. In case of an emergency, the projects assisted the communities in mitigating mit ·i ·gate  Ã‚   v. mit ·i ·gat ·ed, mit ·i ·gat ·ing, mit ·i ·gates v.tr. To moderate (a quality or condition) in force or intensity; alleviate. See Synonyms at relieve. v.intr. To become milder. .. Click the link for more information.  the effects through loans reserved for the purpose. Insurance could be a useful instrument of risk mitigation for the poor especially under disaster situation Micro-insurance can take up under MFIs to provide protection to the women against loss of life, accidents, prolonged pro ·long  Ã‚   tr.v. pro ·longed, pro ·long ·ing, pro ·longs 1. To lengthen in duration; protract. 2. To lengthen in extent. .. Click the link for more information.  illness and hospitalization, and damage or destruction of houses and household assets. Thus, both during normal and disaster times, the MFIs funds were used mainly through loans. The core objective of the MFIs is to reach out to the most vulnerable among the target groups. As observed in the study, the members would like to depend upon MFIs for their social, economic and emotional security. For protection and improvement of their livelihood, they need diverse financial services. Many of them would like to take up income generating activities to strengthen their economic base. Moreover, no significant attempt is made by these interventions to adopt an integrated approach required for improving the livelihood of the disaster-affected households. Given the fact that the members of the poor households in the study area are faced with many social and economic constraints like illiteracy, severe caste and gender discrimination, and landlessness, m ere introduction of microfinance may not help them in bringing about any significant improvement in the livelihood. VI. Methodology: The study mainly uses secondary sources. Secondary data on Flood in Bangladesh (1998) was colleted from Bangladesh Country Report by Sirajul Islam (INAFI Asia Bangladesh) and Tsunami Micro Finance in Sri Lanka (2004) was collect from Review of Post-Tsunami Micro Finance in Sri Lanka by Girija Srinivasan. Moreover, I have taken help from different websites and books. VII. Conclusion: Reducing the Poors vulnerabilities to disasters and emergency situations is the role of micro-finance in disaster risk mitigation. It can immediately relieve financial burdens caused by the on set of calamities, especially if savings and micro-insurance is included in the package of services. It can further support consequent initiatives for sustainable disaster recovery and rehabilitation. Since, MFI is private in nature; it has great potential to provide financial and non-financial services in all stages-relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction and development. However, micro-finance services alone cannot immediately translate into a stand-alone successful disaster recovery enterprise but needs to form part of an over-arching disaster risk mitigation strategy. The success of the microfinance industry in various disasters is indicative of future accomplishments in exploiting microfinance for pre- and post-disaster mechanisms. While micro-finance can be an entry-point for the delivery of sustained services in disaster situation, it still needs the prompt provision of services from the government, like installation of damaged infrastructure and other rehabilitation interventions and active participation of other civil society groups for training, counseling and organizing. A more thorough understanding of microfinance and disaster mitigation is needed for poverty reduction and disaster impact reduction. Finally, it can be said that micro-finance institutions can be an entry point or a point of convergence of poverty alleviation and disaster mi tigation programs.

Dunkin’ Donuts Essay

In the competitive world of the coffee industry — and any industry for that matter — it’s crucial for companies to have a clear understanding of what they do best, and where they can be the best. Dunkin’ Donuts has defined its strategic heartbeat as the everyday, easy coffee stop that inspires rituals that revive. In other words, Dunkin’ Donuts provides food and drink that’s fast, fresh, and affordable — for busy people, leading busy lives. These days there is an incredible interest across the country in premium coffee. The average consumer is now demanding what Dunkin’ roducts — served fresher and faster than ever before. Dunkin’ Donuts is well positioned for the future. Taken together, Dunkin’ Donuts’ entrepreneurial business model, its culture, and the strength of its brands and menu offerings promise a strong future of successful growth. Dunkin’ Donuts is well known by generations and loved by a growing number of customers around the world. Dunkin’ Donuts is dedicated to providing delicious food and beverages to its customers and goes to great lengths to ensure only the finest ingredients are used in its recipes — including its espresso beverages. To that end, all Dunkin’ Donuts espresso beans are Fair Trade Certified. Dunkin’ Donuts was the first national brand to sell espresso beverages made exclusively with Fair Trade Certified coffee. Through Fair Trade, farmers and their families are earning a better income for their hard work, allowing them to hold onto their land, keep their children in school, and invest in the quality of their harvest. Using the most stringent standards in the coffee industry, Dunkin’ Donuts selects only the finest, high-quality beans to make its espresso blend. At the same time, Dunkin’ Donuts is working to aid the farmers who grow those beans. Small farmers in lesser-developed countries grow much of the world’s coffee. Without direct access to international markets or the business capacity necessary to compete in the global marketplace, the Fair Trade model allows farmers to receive a fair price for their coffee bean crop. The history of Dunkin’ Donuts circles back more than 55 years when Bill Rosenberg founded the company in 1950 and opened the first store in Quincy, Massachusetts. Back then, Bill had a simple philosophy: â€Å"Make and serve the freshest, most delicious coffee and donuts quickly and courteously in modern, well-merchandised stores. † That philosophy still holds true today and is the foundation that has enabled Dunkin’ Donuts to grow to be the largest coffee and baked goods chain in the world. Dunkin’ Donuts offers more than a dozen coffee beverages, donuts, bagels, muffins, breakfast sandwiches, and other baked goods. Currently, Dunkin’ Donuts has more than 7,200 shops in 34 countries worldwide. Dunkin’ Donuts has been serving highquality coffee for more than 55 years. Today, Dunkin’ Donuts is America’s largest retailer of coffee by the cup, serving nearly Donuts has been providing for over 50 years. Dunkin’ Donuts’ standards for coffee excellence are among the highest in the United States, which is no easy feat. Producing coffee takes more steps than producing wine, and Dunkin’ Donuts’ coffee experts travel around the globe to ensure quality at each step. Recently, Dunkin’ Donuts identified a new restaurant category called â€Å"Quick Quality. This represents a promise of fresh food fast and a higher evolution of the standard quick-service experience. Dunkin’ Donuts wanted to make a more meaningful promise to deliver on the value proposition consumers expect, and then some: a promise to offer fresh food, fast, and to offer more choices, served quickly, in a quality way. That means lots of innovative new 30 1 billion cups of brewed coffee each year. Using only 100 percent Arabica coffee beans, Dunkin’ Donuts offers a milder roast coffee that is milled specifically for the company and is recognized by the industry as a superior grade of coffee. In addition to serving â€Å"the best coffee in Americaâ„ ¢,† Dunkin’ Donuts is expanding its menu to include a wider range of snacks and onthe-go, delicious, quality products that will appeal to an increasingly busy consumer market. This platform will feature products that move beyond the breakfast hour in an effort to keep timestrapped people fueled and ready to face the challenges of the day — morning, noon, and night. Most recently, Dunkin’ Donuts introduced Smoothies to its popular beverage and snack menu. Made from yogurt and real fruit, Dunkin’ Donuts Smoothies are available in juicy Wildberry, luscious Mango Passion Fruit, smooth Strawberry Banana, and exotic Tropical Fruit, and are an excellent source of Vitamin C and calcium. To secure and sustain Dunkin’ Donuts’ leadership position as America’s largest retailer of coffee-bythe-cup, the company has begun an aggressive national expansion plan that will ultimately triple Dunkin’ Donuts to 15,000 stores throughout the country by 2020. Initial cities targeted for Dunkin’ Donuts’ national expansion include Atlanta, Nashville, Indianapolis, Dallas, Austin, Phoenix, and Las Vegas. In 2005, Dunkin’ Donuts unveiled a new prototype restaurant. The design, reminiscent of company roots that date over 55 years, is coupled with contemporary features to give Dunkin’ Donuts a new, modernized appearance. The new restaurant prototype features advanced equipment to meet the demands of today’s busy customers seeking fast, fresh, affordable, highquality food and beverage choices quicker and better than ever before, resulting in an improved overall in-store and drive-thru experience. A new, innovative menu that moves Dunkin’ Donuts beyond breakfast complements the store design. The new menu is part of Dunkin’ Brands’ efforts to raise the bar on the quality and variety of foods available at Dunkin’ Donuts and to change expectations about what is possible in a quick-service meal, whether in their restaurant or on the go. Perhaps the most famous of Dunkin’ Donuts advertising came in the form of the character â€Å"Fred the Baker. Throughout the 1980s â€Å"Fred the Baker† was synonymous with Dunkin’ Donuts. The advertising campaign — one of the most beloved ad campaigns in recent history — featured Michael Vale as Fred — Dunkin Donuts’ devoted, sleepy-eyed doughnut maker who woke up each morning with the mantra, â€Å"Time to make the donuts. † Fred became a character that struck a chord with most Americans; he was a hard-working man dedicated to his job regardless of the time or th e weather. Fred the Baker was featured for 15 years until he retired in 1997. In 2006, Dunkin’ Donuts unveiled a new advertising campaign that revolutionizes the brand’s position by focusing on how Dunkin’ Donuts keeps busy Americans fueled and on the go. The campaign is a fun and often quirky celebration of life, showing Americans embracing their work, their play, and everything in between — accompanied every step of the way by Dunkin’ Donuts. The launch of â€Å"America Runs on Dunkin’† marked the most significant repositioning effort in the company’s 55-year history. The campaign comes to life through a set of interactive icons that represent the campaign tagline, â€Å"America Runs on Dunkin’. † The icons help to drive the concept that Dunkin’ Donuts’ freshly made coffee and baked goods energize Americans from all walks of life so they can keep the country running on their dedicated hard work and positive outlooks. Dunkin’ Donuts customers are passionate about their Dunkin’ Donuts experience, which for millions of customers is an everyday ritual. The company recently conducted a study where customers were asked to go without Dunkin’ Donuts coffee for one week. The results showed that people felt life was harder, that their day lacked order without Dunkin’ Donuts coffee, and that competitors couldn’t fill the social and emotional need they get from a daily visit to a Dunkin’ Donuts store. People who work for Dunkin’ Donuts have a passion for what they do. And that’s because three years ago Dunkin’ Donuts located the passion of the company — the strategic heartbeat — which is the thing that the company does best. For example, Dunkin’ Donuts defined the strategic heartbeat of the company as the everyday, easy coffee stop that, by serving the best-tasting coffee, inspires rituals that revive. Dunkin’ Donuts is the No. 1 retailer of hot and iced coffee in America, selling 2. 7 million cups a day, and nearly 1 billion cups a year. Dunkin’ Donuts is also the largest coffee and baked goods chain in the world and sells more donuts, coffee, bagels, and muffins than any other quick-service restaurant in America. On an average day, Dunkin’ Donuts sells more than 30 cups of freshly brewed coffee each second. r As part of the company’s commitment to offering consumers more choices without compromising quality, Dunkin’ Donuts has assembled a new culinary team, a lineup of skilled and honored chefs and are using their talent and experience to create new and innovative menu choices for customers. The Culinary Team’s mission is to provide Dunkin’ Donuts customers with the besttasting, most creative menu items that are fast, fresh, and affordable.

A Study On Biology Shreya Jain - 2007 Words

HSC Assessment task 1: Biology Shreya Jain Discuss the role of quarantine in preventing the spread of disease in plants and aims into Australia or across regions of Australia. Use examples in your response. â€Å"Quarantine is the controlling of the important or export of animals, plants, and other products for the purpose of controlling the spread of disease.† Unique flora and fauna. Australia’s geographic isolation results in unique, fragile ecosystems susceptible introduced pests and disease, by preventing the entry of or isolating foreign pest and contagious diseases. Quarantine is forced isolation of a diseased organism to control the spread of infectious diseases (viruses, bacteria) establishing in Australia, as they can harm the†¦show more content†¦This prevents entry of foreign pest and/or contagious diseases on imported goods, passengers must declare if they are carrying any food, plant material or animal products or if they have visited a rural area, if one does not comply this will result in heavy fines. Human Quarantine Captains of aircrafts and ships are required to notify AQIS if passengers or crew display symptoms of prohibited diseases (rabies, yellow fever, avian influenza) Aircrafts are sprayed with insecticide to kill any pests present on the aircraft. Quarantine measures have been implemented that forbid the movement of fruit across state boarders, these measures are in place to control the spread of fruit flies, which cause severe damage to fruit crops such as bananas. There is the Mediterranean fruit fly in Western Australia and the Queensland fruit fly in the Eastern Australia. The northern territory, south Australia and Tasmania do not have these pests because of quarantine measures. Overall, Quarantine practices have been greatly effected due to the rigorous implementation of quarantine practice as most diseases and pests have not been brought to Australia. Each state has its own legislation in order to protect agriculture industries from pest, weeds and diseases between states, since each region has different climatic conditions. If invaded by PD it requires expensive control measures, in loss of markets and exports. Also states such as South

A Study On Nutrient Agar - 1078 Words

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The Secret Of Happiness By David Myers - 1374 Words

Heidi Alfaro English Composition 1101-61 Professor Kate 8 October 2015 Personal Happiness A powerful quote said by pre-socratic philosopher named Democritus says â€Å"Happiness resides not in possessions, and not in gold, happiness dwells in the soul†. In other words, happiness does not come from materialism but instead from the things money can’t buy. In the article The Secret of Happiness the author David Myers writes directly to Americans about how he believes we need to obtain a new â€Å"American Dream† that emphasizes personal happiness instead of materialistic happiness. Myers also believes happiness resides in the soul and he says people that think money is the key to happiness are actually less content with themselves and he uses various ways to prove this point. With that being said materialistic happiness vs personal happiness is an important issue, and Myers made a strong use of Logos by showing surveys and studies, Ethos by showing credibility in his argument but he could have used more Pathos by using m ore emotion and enthusiasm in his argument. To begin with, in the The Secret of Happiness Myers begins by talking about the original â€Å"American Dream† which is materialism. After that he says that Americans are getting too caught up on materialistic happiness and not focusing enough on achieving personal happiness. Myers also writes what he believes are the four most important things that lead to a happier lifestyle. Those aspects according to Myer’s are, closeShow MoreRelatedWhy Money Can Buy Someone Happiness?1497 Words   |  6 Pagesin the audience can keep it. In the end, everything went exactly according to plan, the Horsemen stole the money, the audience kept the money and everyone was happy. 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Proposal for assessing the UK’s Free Essays

string(67) " Also here is were we need to add how many surveys were completed\." Overall Objective The goal of this research proposal is to provide Tangent Company LLC an accurate, detailed plan of the team’s research goals, methodology, and progress to ensure the project is in alignment with Tangent’s overall expectations. The goal of the research itself is to provide Tangent the knowledge to fully understand water usage, management, issues, and perceptions in the United Kingdom for future business sessions. Our research provides all of the understandings to what Tangent’s expectations are regarding the objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal for assessing the UK’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Specific Aims The team provided a concise quantitative analysis involving water quality, precipitation, water consumptions and usage in homes of the I-J market as well as an accurate qualitative examination of consumer perceptions and attitudes of water in the I-J. This research focused primarily on households with a decentralized water supply, but will examine the Auk’s overall infrastructure for water usage, treatment, and disposal. The Auk’s existing problems with water supply, quality, disposal, and ending is clearly defined and the consumer perceptions of these problems are surveyed. PROJECT SCOPE We accomplished most of the research goals we have planned. The team used secondary research methods to define water use and the disposal infrastructure in the ELK. The research was focused on individual residences, particularly looking at the market of the point of entry, point of use, and point of discharge in homes with decentralized water. Secondary research defined how water is supplied to residences. Information on existing problems with the Auk’s water supply, quality, espousal and sustainability funding is readily available and current. The team will contained information that is unavailable anywhere else. The primary research is the most important, as the team was able to talk to individuals and get better understanding of the overall perception from consumers. The one condition we were not unable to accomplish is primary research outside the greater London area. We were able to get good sample in the city of London and other small cities around the area. The primary research was done using both surveys and interviews. We were able to get a large amount of people to complete he online surveys even before arrival in London by using an assigned student- partner from New Packinghouse University as a distribution channel. In addition to distributing the surveys, he has been tasked with putting together a focus group with environmental majors at â€Å"Bucks† University and is gathering recent newspaper articles that involve water issues happening now. Since water is such a hot topic in the I-J, the team feels that we will get a lot of good information from interviewing the local residents and they will have a lot to say about it? SPECIFIC QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY RESEARCH The following list of questions combines specific questions developed by Tangent Company LLC and questions that had developed during the team meeting with Tangent in February. This list does not include specific questions developed specifically for the interview and surveys. O What is the water supply in the I-J? O What does the water supply infrastructure look like? 0 How old is the piping in the I-J? O How is water delivered to residences? O What percentage of the population uses a decentralized water supply? 0 How much of the water is centrally treated? O How is the water supply and waste water collection funded? What is the size of the market for water softeners? Septic tanks? 0 How many homes use well water? What is the typical water use pattern in the I-J? O How does water use in the I-J differ from that of the United States? O What are the actual water supply problems? What are the perceived problems? DHOW long could the I-J survive a drought? O What are the actual water quality problems? What are the perceived problems? Is the water high in iron? Does it require softeners? O What are the actual wastewater disposal problems? What are the perceived p roblems? 0 What percent of the water is wastewater? Is it influenced by surface water? O Are there water infrastructure funding problems? What are the prevailing consumer attitudes towards water supply, quality, disposal, and funding problems? 0 Are UK residences concerned about their water supply? O Where are the discrepancies between attitudes and reality? O What is the level of understanding and acceptance for water recycling? 0 What is the perceived value of water recycling to the end-user? O Is there competitive technology in the I-J? O What are some of the water industry associations in the I-J? O Who are the ejaculating bodies and what are the regulatory requirements for water in the I-J? 0 What are the water quality standards in the I-J? RESEARCH METHODS Information gathered was comprised of a combination primary and secondary research techniques that will conclude if Tangent’s water recycling units will be successful in the U. K market or not. By using both types of research methods, the final report has a good balance of qualitative and quantitative data. The secondary research covers the entire United Kingdom, whilst the primary research will ultimately be limited to the greater London area. Primary Research Methodology There are two different types of primary research: specific and exploratory. Exploratory is dealing more with open-ended research, like having unstructured interviews with small group of people. Specific research is precise and is used to solve the problem exploratory has identified, but specific is more expensive to conduct. In this case exploratory would be the better option considering the budget. Our primary research consisted of randomly selected man-on-the-street interviews, online surveys, and in-depth interviews/focus groups. With the help of our Bucks tuned-partner, surveys were be distributed via email to his contacts prior to the team’s departure. In-person interviews were the best method to gather qualitative data. Here is where we need to talk about our interviews and the names of the two men and their titles. Also here is were we need to add how many surveys were completed. You read "Proposal for assessing the UK’s" in category "Papers" The process for interviewing happened in person and residents will be randomly selected. Once we have all our questions and the format configured, the primary research was conducted. This happened at the beginning of the trip to give us an dead of how people feel about this problem to help determine the ideal target to gather more in-depth information about recycling waste water. Once we gathered all the data from the primary research, then the analysis plan was put together to help organize the data to find a conclusion about the proposal with recycling waste water. This helps with all the different sources that were used to gather the information that we need to present to the client and gives them a clear view of the raw data to help determine whether their product will be successful and if it would make an impact on the water supply. Sources of Data Data was obtained by distributing surveys and holding interviews with industry experts. The survey was created in Qualities, a secure online survey software system. This system allowed us to effectively create, distribute, and analyze data collected. The survey was distributed via email to I-J residents. Collection and Assessment of Data Survey and interview questions was protested by five people including Bucks partner The survey will be sent prior to departure to our partner at New Packinghouse University for distribution. The survey will also be distributed to the team’s current arsenal contacts in the UK with a request to forward to other residents in order to get a large sample: no less than 100 completed surveys. In addition to email distribution, surveys will be physically conducted by the team while in London. Surveying a variety of people including, environmental experts to the average home owner to gather information about an array of perceptions from all ages, incomes, and education levels. The persons selected for the survey will receive a link via email to fill the questionnaire out over the internet. Once the survey is submitted, the results will be collected and processed by the Qualities software. In-depth interviews will be conducted face-to-face in London. The interviews are still in the process of being scheduled, but contact has been made with various organizations from research facilities to water companies. Professor Tony Allen- Department of Geography at King’s College in London has already agreed to an interview and has emailed links to credible online sources for our secondary research. He is a member of The London Water Research Group and is looking to gather a few more industry experts for the team to interview. The plan is to speak to no less than 3 industry experts while in London. The interviews will last approximately 15-20 minutes and will consist of a combination of closed and open- ended questions. The interviews will be conducted by a single team member acting as the interviewer and asking the questions, another team member will take diligent notes, while another will moderate the interview by watching the clock and keeping interview on schedule, ensuring that we respect the interviewee’s time. Format for Final Results The final layout for our final primary research results is still to be determined. It will include a concise summary of survey results including graphic data. The data collected from the interviews will also be summarized, and the full interviews will be available in the appendix. It will be organized by participants who have decentralized water infrastructure and participants who have centralized water infrastructure. A bar graph will help present the differences between the different groups. Specific Questions The team has developed questions to ensure that Tangent will not be contacted for a sale as a result of our survey or interview. Key elements of the primary research include: Demographic information, including age, gender, education, location proximity of residence from downtown London), household size, household type (flat, single-family home, etc. ), if they reside in an urban or rural location, and type of household water supply/disposal (centralized or decentralized). Behavior-based questions focusing on typical water usage and buying habits (bottled water, water conserving appliances, water softeners). Questions to determine the level of the publics understanding of water recycling and its reception: â€Å"How do you feel about â€Å"What is your biggest concern regarding your household water? † Scaled questions to determine the publics concern of the actual water problems derived from secondary research â€Å"On a scale of 1-5, how concerned are you about the growing population in the UK with regards to the water supply? . The online survey consists of mainly closed-ended questions that are answered by multiple-choice or on a scale: â€Å"On a scale of 1-5 (1 being not concerned-5 being extremely concerned) how concerned are you about the droughts happening all over the U. K? † Other questions will determine if the consumer is a part of the target market: â€Å"Do you have a septic tank? Yes/No†, If they choose yes, it wil l lead to a implementers question. If no is chosen, another question will follow. More open- ended questions to gauge customer knowledge and attitudes about current issues and water recycling technologies will be used during face-to-face interviews. â€Å"Would you drink recyclable water, why or why not? † See appendices for complete list of questions. Primary Research Results! Talk about all our surveys, the questions, and answers. Analyze, perceptions Secondary Research Methodology The majority of the research conducted will consist of secondary research methods by gathering information from various credible sources to answer the specific questions outlined by the client. Most of this research will be conducted prior to the team’s departure, this will ensure the team is educated on the topics upfront and will assist with developing and modifying specific questions conducted during the primary research in London. Some secondary research will be conducted while abroad, taking advantage of the opportunity to gather information from Loon’s libraries that cannot be obtained elsewhere. It is expected that some level of secondary research will need to be done upon return back to the United States to tie up loose ends for the final report. Sources of Data The research databases provided by Cleveland State University library allows students free access to full text scholarly Journals, articles, trade magazines, newspapers, and other sources of credible information. The online research databases used include Water Resources Abstracts and an array of databases provided by Obscenest including Academic Search Complete, Environment Complete, Newspaper Source, and Science Direct. The web is also a good source to use to gather secondary research. There are many reliable sources of current information on all aspects of water in the I-J. Many are hosted by the water companies and water-governing bodies. Professor Adams recommends using www. Afoot. Gob. UK/ The Water Services Regulation Authority website, www. Water. Org. UK/ for a wealth of data on all aspects of water use, and www. Environment-agency. Gob. UK/ for its page on water demand management. And sewerage sectors in England and Wales, Water I-J represents all major UK water and wastewater service suppliers at national and European level, and Water Demand Management (WAD) considers national and international water resources, demand management and water conservation. We work closely with the Government, water companies, regulators, universities, academics and trade bodies on all national and international water demand management issues. Looking up different water companies in the U. K and finding statistics regarding water recycling helps determine the target audience. The website, â€Å"Wastewater Treatment and Recycling,† is a credible source from the U. K explaining the different treatments that are currently being used. It discusses the recycling of residual sludge and how it has an impact with their water supply. This information will help give the team insight with what the U. K is doing with this situation. So far, the U. K does not have any product on the market that can recycle water and is mainly focused on households while having the cleanest and safest water possible: eliminating all chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Information from this website also helps with our primary research and how we should organize our interviews, surveys, and potential focus groups. While in London, the team will also have access to the British Library and the City Business Library of London. These libraries contain information that cannot be obtained anywhere else in the world. The secondary research performed here could provide vital information to give the client a competitive advantage. The team intends to spend at least one full day conducting research at these libraries. The team will also have access to the library at New Packinghouse University, which may also prove to be a useful source of information. Specific Questions Secondary research provided general information on the Auk’s overall water usage and disposal infrastructure by answering questions such as: Where does the water supply come from? How is it delivered to the home? How old is the centralized infrastructure? How is wastewater collected, treated, and disposed of? How many households use decentralized water in the I-J, in the London area? What problems exist regarding water supply, quality, sustainable funding, and wastewater disposal? Who are the governing bodies and regulatory agencies that oversee the Auk’s water? What is the typical household water use pattern in the I-J, and how does it compare with the US? What is the market for POE, POP, and POD technology? Secondary research Results! Here can insert quotes from the secondary research findings Conclusions and Recommendations , Summary of our results Strengths Secondary research objectives are easily obtainable through online databases and the web. The information is current. Ability to gather a large sample population for the online survey due to our Bucks student-partner and the team’s established personal contacts in the I-J. The team has the opportunity to use the British Library and the City Business Library of London. Water problems are a big issue now both globally and in the I-J, so the timing for this project is excellent. The team has a strong understanding of the client’s expectations for the final project. Willingness of members of the London Water Research Group to participate in our in- depth interviews and assist in providing contacts for the online survey distribution. Limitations Amount of time for primary research in London is limited. The team will be located in an area with centralized water supply and will have to travel to find a significant sample of target audience. Primary research will only be conducted in the London area. Emailed surveys are easily ignored, forgotten, or deleted. The accuracy of responses of the online survey can be questionable due to the fact the artificial is not being monitored. How to cite Proposal for assessing the UK’s, Papers

Pittsburgh Wastewater Treatment free essay sample

1.Be able to explain the process of the Pittsburgh Wastewater Treatment plant There are money Process steps. first they remove Fat and grease removal spend the clearance of sand and rocks then they deposition the water in a big tank .Be able to explain the process of the Pittsburg Water Treatment plant2. Recognize how to use dimensional analysis in resoling water issues3. Know the acronyms associated with this class4. Be able to explain the impact of overpopulation has on the environmentOverpopulation affects the environment by putting pressure on resourceslike water, a lot of wastes, deforestation, soil erosion.5. Be able to recognize the difference between point and non-point source pollution. 6. Be able to explain the role of an environmental manager can have for residential, business and industry in preserving water quality.develop and implement water quality strategies. keep the water in a disinfected tank. make sure to make reveal in each while. We will write a custom essay sample on Pittsburgh Wastewater Treatment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 7. Be able to explain various methods of mitigation available for an environmental manager. 8. Know the definition of the various cycles discussed in class. ie: hydrological, photosynthesis, and nitrogen.hydrological is the sequence of conditions through which water passes from vapor in the atmosphere through precipitation upon land or water surfaces and ultimately back into the atmosphere as a result of evaporation.photosynthesisthe process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and waternitrogen is a colorless, odorless unreactive gas9. Be able to explain the difference between chronic and communicable disease.The difference between chronic and communicable disease A chronic disease is one lasting 3 months or more but communicable disease is an infectious disease transmissible (as from person to person) by direct contact with an affected individual, but the effect of bad bacteria on your health is death. 10. Distinguish between the various sources of water that a community can choose to meet the SDWA.11. Understand the positive and negative effects of bacteria on environmental quality in a community.he positive effects of bacteria on environmental quality in a community are it is help prevent disease,These bacteria fight foreign substances, and it is help prevent the growth of harmful bacteria but negative effects of bacteria mout of people die of it12. Know the various types of citations OSHA can administer13. Explain the benefits to a community that has a water plant and a wastewater plant and how these asset on environmental quality